Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2020 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 6 Articles
Background: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the best-characterized genetic region related to resistance/\nsusceptibility to a wide range of infectious and immune-mediated diseases. Evidences suggest that MHC class II\ngenes may play an important role in developing different types of tumors including breast cancer. Canine mammary\ngland tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. In the current study, the association of canine\nMHC class II DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes with development of mammary gland tumor profiles in dogs was investigated.\nDLA-DRB1.2 allelic diversity was determined in 40 dogs (18 CMT cases and 22 controls) using HRM technique and\nDNA sequencing. Association of the DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes with CMT profiles was expressed as odds ratio (OR).\nResults: Based on the histopathological typing of tumors, CMT cases were categorized into 4 groups: simple carcinoma,\ncomplex carcinoma, carcinoma arising in a benign tumor and special types of carcinoma. A total of eight HRM\nprofiles (A to H) were identified in dogs sampled. The association study revealed a significant correlation between\nDLA-DRB1.2 genotypes with different CMT profiles. The E genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of\ncarcinoma arising in a benign tumor, and the B genotype represented a positive correlation with complex carcinoma.\nSignificant association was also observed between the heterozygosity of DLA-DRB1.2 genotypes and decreased risk\nof developing tumor in dogs.\nConclusions: These results provide additional support for the association between DLA-DRB1 genes and development\nof mammary gland tumors in dogs and could potentially be used for early diagnosis of neoplasia and identifying\nsusceptible dogs....
Background: Infectious canine hepatitis is a rarely encountered disease, that is caused by Canine Adenovirus-1.\nClinical signs can vary dramatically, and neurological signs are rarely seen. Neurological manifestation of this disease\nis rarely reported in the veterinary literature.\nCase presentation: A 5-week-old, male entire Husky cross puppy presented for a one-day history of abnormal\nneurological behaviour (circling, ataxia, vocalization and obtund mentation). The puppy was euthanized shortly after\npresentation due to rapid deterioration. Histopathology raised concerns for Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAdV-1) based on\nvasculitis in the brain and intranuclear inclusion bodies in endothelial cell and hepatocytes; immunohistochemistry\non brain tissue confirmed CAdV-1 infection.\nConclusions: This report discusses possible routes of infection and manifestations of adenovirus infections causing\nneurologic signs. It also provides a timely reminder that CAdV-1 should be considered a differential in unvaccinated\ndogs that present with neurological signs. Further studies are required to better understand the neurotrophic\ntendencies of this virus....
Background: Akabane disease (AD), a barrier to international trade for endemic areas with far economic impact\non the countries, is caused by Akabane virus (AKAV). Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a\ncommonly used diagnostic technique for AKAV infection, including the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kits. However, the\ncomparative evaluation of the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kits has not been published. The object of this study was to\nevaluate the test performance of the two commercial ELISA kits in detecting serum anti-AKAV antibodies in cattle.\nResults: With virus neutralization test (VNT) as the â??relative gold standardâ?, the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) was\n80.39% (123/153) and 93.46% (143/153) for the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kit, when suspect samples were included.\nThe diagnostic specificity (DSp) for the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kit was 93.48% (502/537) and 82.31% (442/537),\nrespectively.\nConclusion: Both of the tested ELISA kits could be applied to detect antibodies against AKAV in cattle serum. The\nIDVET ELISA kit had a higher DSe. The IDEXX ELISA kit possessed the higher DSp. These results have important\nimplications if the kits are used to screen herds or individual cattle in surveillance programs, or at border crossings\nfor import-export inspection and quarantine....
Background: Fasciola hepatica is a liver parasite of mammals and it results in poor welfare outcomes and\neconomic losses in ruminants. While faecal egg count is the test most commonly used for diagnosis, it does not\nindicate presence of migrating immature stages. Serological techniques increase sensitivity at all stages of the liver\nfluke infection. The aim of this study was to compare four commercially available ELISA tests for the diagnosis of F.\nhepatica. For this purpose, we tested three sample types; (i) known F. hepatica status sera from an experimental\ninfection for the comparison of sensitivities and specificities, (ii) sera from pre- and post-flukicide-treated\n(albendazole, closantel, nitroxynil and triclabendazole) beef cattle to contrast the differences of seropositivity before\nand after treatment, and (iii) bulk tank milk samples from dairy herds sampled during high and low F. hepatica\nexposure periods for assessing seasonal variations with the four tests available. Samples were tested using ELISA kits\nsupplied by four manufacturers (Ildana Biotech, IDEXX, Svanova, and Bio-X). Samples were analysed simultaneously\nand in duplicate.\nResults: In the control population Ildana, IDEXX and Bio-X presented 100% sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp),\nSvanovir presented a Se of 59% and a Sp of 96%. In flukicide-treated beef cattle, kits highlighted decreasing\nantibody levels 90 days post-treatment in variable degrees. Finally, bulk milk showed a significant decrease in ELISA\nvalue between high and low fluke exposure periods with all tests studied.\nConclusions: Se and Sp found in the present study, confirm that Ildana, IDEXX and Bio-X are accurate for the\ndetection of F. hepatica exposure in Irish cattle. Svanovir Se and Sp in this population, indicate that a larger study is\nnecessary to confirm this test characteristic in Irish herds. In post-treatment use, Bio-X showed a consistent and\nsignificant decrease of ELISA value in all groups treated, denoting to be a reliable tool for assessing treatment effect\nat 90 days post-treatment. Finally, all tests showed to be a reliable tool for the F. hepatica monitoring of high and\nlow exposure seasons, using bulk tank milk samples....
Background: Evolution of indolent to aggressive lymphoma has been described in dogs but is difficult to\ndistinguish from the de novo development of a second, clonally distinct lymphoma. Differentiation of these\nscenarios can be aided by next generation sequencing (NGS)-based assessment of clonality of lymphocyte antigen\nreceptor genes.\nCase presentation: An 8-year-old male intact Mastiff presented with generalized lymphadenomegaly was\ndiagnosed with nodal T zone lymphoma (TZL) based on cytology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and flow\ncytometry. Thirteen months later, the dog re-presented with progressive lymphadenomegaly, and based on\ncytology and flow cytometry, a large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) was diagnosed. Sequencing-based clonality testing\nconfirmed the de novo development of a LBCL and the persistence of a TZL.\nConclusions: The occurrence of two distinct lymphoid neoplasms should be considered if patient features and\ntumor cytomorphology or immunophenotype differ among sequential samples. Sequencing-based clonality testing\nmay provide conclusive evidence of two concurrent and distinct clonal lymphocyte populations, termed most\nappropriately â??composite lymphomaâ?....
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritic disease, results from destruction of joint\ncartilage and underlying bone. It affects animals, including Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity, leading\nto joint pain and lameness. However, publications regarding OA pathogenesis in this animal are still limited.\nTherefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-\n1Beta), IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-Alpha), and oncostatin M (OSM), known mediators of OA pathogenesis,\nand lipopolysaccharides on the expression of cartilaginous degrading enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3\nand MMP-13, in elephant articular chondrocytes (ELACs) cultures. Anti-arthritic drugs and the active compounds of\nherbal plants were tested for their potential attenuation against overproduction of these enzymes.\nResults: Among the used cytokines, OSM showed the highest activation of MMP3 and MMP13 expression,\nespecially when combined with IL-1Beta. The combination of IL-1Beta and OSM was found to activate phosphorylation of\nthe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in ELACs. Lipopolysaccharides or cytokine-induced\nexpressions were suppressed by pharmacologic agents used to treat OA, including dexamethasone, indomethacin,\netoricoxib, and diacerein, and by three natural compounds, sesamin, andrographolide, and vanillylacetone.\nConclusions: Our results revealed the cellular mechanisms underlying OA in elephant chondrocytes, which is\ntriggered by proinflammatory cytokines or lipopolysaccharides and suppressed by common pharmacological or\nnatural medications used to treat human OA. These results provide a more basic understanding of the\npathogenesis of elephant OA, which could be useful for adequate medical treatment of OA in this animal....
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